Document <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/CSS/suzette_reading.css"?><TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"> <teiHeader> <fileDesc> <titleStmt> <title type="main">Suzette: a Digital Edition</title> <respStmt> <persName>John Westbrook</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Editor</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Diane Jakacki</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Project Manager</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Annie Girton</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2018-2020</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Sarah Haber</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Rebecca Heintzelman</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2020-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Juliya Harnood</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2021-Present</resp> </respStmt> <respStmt> <persName>Jaehoon Pyon</persName> <orgName>Bucknell University</orgName> <resp>Research Assistant and Encoder, 2023-Present</resp> </respStmt> </titleStmt> <publicationStmt> <distributor>Bucknell University</distributor> <pubPlace> <address> <addrLine>One Dent Drive</addrLine> <addrLine>Lewisburg, PA 17837</addrLine> </address> </pubPlace> <availability> <licence>Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International</licence> </availability> </publicationStmt> <sourceDesc> <biblStruct> <monogr> <title>Suzette: Livre de Lecture Courante à l’Usage des Jeunes Filles. Morale—Leçon de choses, Economie Domestique – Ménage – Cuisine – Couture</title> <author>Robert Halt</author> <textLang>French</textLang> <imprint> <date>1889</date> <distributor>Libraire Classique Paul Delaplane</distributor> <pubPlace>Paris, France</pubPlace> </imprint> </monogr> </biblStruct> </sourceDesc> </fileDesc> <xenoData><rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:as="http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#" xmlns:cwrc="http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:geo="http://www.geonames.org/ontology#" xmlns:oa="http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#" xmlns:schema="http://schema.org/" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" xmlns:fabio="https://purl.org/spar/fabio#" xmlns:bf="http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#" xmlns:cito="https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#" 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Mauvaise herbe qui croit parmi les blés." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> <rdf:Description rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/TR/json-ld/"> <![CDATA[{ "@context": { "dcterms:created": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:created" }, "dcterms:issued": { "@type": "xsd:dateTime", "@id": "dcterms:issued" }, "oa:motivatedBy": { "@type": "oa:Motivation" }, "@language": "en", "rdf": "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#", "rdfs": "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#", "as": "http://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams#", "cwrc": "http://sparql.cwrc.ca/ontologies/cwrc#", "dc": "http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/", "dcterms": "http://purl.org/dc/terms/", "foaf": "http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/", "geo": "http://www.geonames.org/ontology#", "oa": "http://www.w3.org/ns/oa#", "schema": "http://schema.org/", "xsd": "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#", "fabio": "https://purl.org/spar/fabio#", "bf": "http://www.openlinksw.com/schemas/bif#", "cito": "https://sparontologies.github.io/cito/current/cito.html#", "org": "http://www.w3.org/ns/org#" }, "id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch030.xml?note_annotation_20230706165839054", "type": "oa:Annotation", "dcterms:created": "2023-07-06T20:58:39.054Z", "dcterms:modified": "2023-07-06T20:58:39.054Z", "dcterms:creator": { "@id": "5", "@type": [ "cwrc:NaturalPerson", "schema:Person" ], "cwrc:hasName": "John Westbrook" }, "oa:motivatedBy": "oa:describing", "oa:hasTarget": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch030.xml?note_annotation_20230706165839054#Target", "@type": "oa:SpecificResource", "oa:hasSource": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch030.xml", "@type": "dctypes:Text", "dc:format": "text/xml" }, "oa:renderedVia": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.1" }, "oa:hasSelector": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu/sites/default/files/2023-07/suzette_ch030.xml?note_annotation_20230706165839054#Selector", "@type": "oa:XPathSelector", "rdf:value": "TEI/text/body/div/div/p[6]/note" } }, "oa:hasBody": { "@type": "oa:TextualBody", "dc:format": "text/plain", "rdf:value": "Méthode. Procédés de\n culture." }, "as:generator": { "@id": "https://leaf-staging.bucknell.edu", "@type": "as:Application", "rdfs:label": "LEAF-Writer", "schema:url": "https://leaf-writer.lincsproject.ca/", "schema:softwareVersion": "3.0.1" } }]]> </rdf:Description> </rdf:RDF></xenoData><profileDesc> <langUsage> <language ident="fr">French</language> <language ident="en">English</language> </langUsage> </profileDesc> </teiHeader> <text> <body> <div xmlns:ns0="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="chapitre" xml:lang="fr" n="ch030"> <head>30. — Vive le blé de <placeName corresp="suzpl0016" key="France" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q142">France</placeName> ! </head> <div type="récit"> <p>Pendant les trois jours qui suivirent, le père, <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName>, <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName>, ne s’entretinrent que de beaux et bons travaux à faire. <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> voulait être renseigné sur la situation exacte du petit bien, sur ses charges*<note type="annotation">Des Charges. Les dépenses qu'on est obligé de faire.</note>, ses ressources*<note type="annotation">Ressources. Argent, choses à vendre avec quoi l'on peut solder ses dépenses.</note>.</p> <p>Il le parcourut en compagnie du père, qui acceptait parfaitement l’idée d'en doubler le rapport, mais sans changer grand'chose au train ordinaire et en rechignant* <note type="annotation">Rechigner. Témoigner de la répugnance avec mauvaise humeur.</note> un peu aux innovations*<note type="annotation">Innovation. Pratique nouvelle qu'on introduit dans sa manière habituelle de faire une chose.</note>, comme font d'ordinaire les gens ancrés* <note type="annotation">Ancré. S'affermir obstinément dans un procédé routinier, dans une habitude.</note> dans leurs habitudes.</p> <p>— Nous aurons beau faire, disait-il, le blé du vieux sol d'<placeName corresp="suzpl0005" key="Europe" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q46">Europe</placeName>, fatigué par tant de récoltes, ne peut pas lutter contre le blé d'<placeName corresp="suzpl0009" key="United States of America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30">Amérique</placeName>, qui pousse là-bas presque sans travail dans des terres toutes neuves. La semaine dernière, ta sœur me lisait dans un livre qu'en ce pays, il y a d'immenses espaces encore à défricher. Un seul Américain en possède des milliers d'hectares. A l’au- <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_107.jpg" type="page" n="107"/> <fw>VIVE LE BLÉ DE FRANCE ! 107</fw> tomne, il transporte dans ces solitudes une population d'ouvriers à peupler une ville ; ceux-ci lancent des charrues à vapeur qui remuent le sol ; puis, la terre à peine retournée, on l'ensemence. Cela fait, on lui dit adieu ; on l'abandonne au hasard des chardons, de l'ivraie*<note type="annotation">Ivraie. Mauvaise herbe qui croit parmi les blés.</note>, des troupeaux de bisons, à l’aventure des pluies et des sécheresses. On revient à l'heure de la récolte. Elle ne donne que le plus faible rendement de nos plus mauvaises terres ; mais c'est un blé qui, n'ayant presque rien coûté, écrase le nôtre sur nos marchés.</p> <p> — Et c'est de la culture, cela ! s'écria <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> avec mépris.</p> <p>— Non ; mais c'est une culture qui tue la nôtre.</p> <p>— Parce que la nôtre se laisse tuer, se décourage au lieu de lutter par les soins, la science, les méthodes *<note type="annotation">Méthode. Procédés de culture.</note> nouvelles qui, appliquées à notre merveilleuse terre, la rendraient sans rivale. Et je veux vous entendre crier bientôt : Vive le blé de <placeName>France</placeName> !</p> <figure> <caption>Blé, seigle, orge, avoine. Le blé, l'orge et le seigle servent à faire le pain ; l'avoine est la principale nourriture des chevaux. L'orge entre également dans la fabrication de la bière. La paille de ces céréales est employée à différents usages : nourriture et litière des chevaux, paillasses, etc.</caption> </figure> <figure> <caption>Le bison. Cet animal sauvage, de la taille d’un bœuf, vit en <placeName>Amérique</placeName>, où il est l'objet d'une chasse opiniâtre.</caption> </figure> </div> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_108.jpg" type="page" n="108"/> <fw>108 SUZETTE.</fw> <div type="questionnaire"> <head>Questionnaire.</head> <list> <item>— Quel fut l'objet des entretiens de la famille pendant les trois jours suivants ? </item> <item>— Quelle était l'opinion de <persName type="fictif" key="m_dumay">M. Dumay</persName> sur les améliorations proposées par <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> ? </item> <item>— Quelles objections faisait-il sur la culture du blé ? </item> <item>— <persName type="fictif" key="suzette">Suzette</persName> n'avait-elle pas lu quelques détails sur la semaille et la récolte du blé en <placeName>Amérique</placeName> (<placeName>États-Unis</placeName>) ? </item> <item>— A quoi <persName type="fictif" key="jacques">Jacques</persName> attribuait-il l'infériorité de la production du blé en <placeName>France</placeName> ? </item> </list> </div> <div type="exercices"> <head>DÉVELOPPEMENT DES SUJETS PROPOSÉS POUR EXERCICES</head> <div type="géographie" xml:id="sujgeo_030"> <head type="sujets">Géographie.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— Qu'est-ce que l'<placeName corresp="suzpl0009" key="United States of America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q30">Amérique</placeName> ?</item> <item>— En tracer le croquis.</item> <item>— Racontez comment elle fut découverte.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>L'<placeName>Amérique</placeName> est un immense continent situé à l'ouest de l'<placeName corresp="suzpl0005" key="Europe" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q46">Europe</placeName>, de l'autre côté de l'<placeName corresp="suzpl0348" key="Atlantic Ocean" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q97">Atlantique</placeName>. Il se divise en deux régions : l'<placeName cert="high" corresp="suzpl0349" evidence="internal" full="yes" instant="unknown" type="réel" xml:space="default">Amérique septentrionale</placeName> et l'<placeName cert="high" corresp="suzpl0350" evidence="internal" full="yes" instant="unknown" type="réel" xml:space="default">Amérique méridionale</placeName>, réunies par <placeName key="L’Isthme de Panama" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17358976" corresp="suzpl0351">l'isthme de Panama</placeName>, à travers lequel <persName type="historique">M. de Lesseps</persName> a entrepris de creuser un canal pour le passage des navires, comme il l'a déjà fait pour <placeName corresp="suzpl0352" key="L’Isthme de Suez" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q17358977">l'isthme de Suez</placeName>.</p> <p> L'État le plus important de cette partie du monde sont les <placeName>États-Unis</placeName>, qui comptent environ soixante millions d'habitants ; on désigne parfois cette contrée sous le nom d'<placeName>Amérique</placeName>, comme on l'a fait dans cette leçon, en parlant du blé.</p> <p><placeName corresp="suzpl0002" key="North America" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q49">Le continent américain</placeName> fut découvert par <persName ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q7322">Christophe Colomb</persName>, navigateur génois né à <placeName corresp="suzpl0105" key="Calvi" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q202439">Calvi</placeName>, en <placeName corresp="suzpl0028" key="Corsica" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q14112">Corse</placeName> (1440-1505). Plusieurs voyages et l'étude des cartes géographiques lui inspirèrent l'idée que la terre est ronde, et que l’on pouvait arriver aux <placeName corresp="suzpl0361" key="India" ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q668">Indes</placeName> en faisant voile vers l'ouest. Dès lors, il n'eut plus pour pensée que de faire ce voyage, et il sollicita de toutes parts les moyens de l'accomplir. Son courage fut égal à la force de son esprit, car il eut à combattre tous les préjugés. Gênes le traita de visionnaire, <roleName/><persName ref="http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q675493">Henri VII, roi d'Angleterre</persName>, n'écouta pas le frère de <persName type="historique">Colomb</persName> ; lui-même essuya un refus de <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217637">Jean II</persName>, roi de <placeName>Portugal</placeName>. Il ne pouvait s'adresser à la <placeName>France</placeName>, dont la marine était toujours négligée. L'empereur d'<placeName>Allemagne</placeName> n'avait ni flotte, ni ports, ni argent. <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322">Colomb</persName> n'espéra qu'en la cour d'<placeName>Espagne</placeName>. Après huit ans de sollicitations, la reine <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45859">Isabelle</persName> et le roi <persName type="historique">Ferdinand</persName> consentiront à lui prêter leur appui ; mais la cour d'<placeName>Espagne</placeName> était pauvre ; il fallut que le prieur <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5868869">Pérez</persName> et deux négociants, nommés <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3388890">Penzone</persName>, avançassent 17,000 ducats pour faire l'armement. <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322">Colomb</persName> partit enfin de <placeName>Palos</placeName>, en <placeName>Andalousie</placeName>, avec trois petits vaisseaux dont un seul était ponté, le 3 août 1492. Trois mois après, le 12 octobre, il découvrit la première terre de l'<placeName>Amérique</placeName> : c'était l'une des îles du groupe des <placeName>Lucayes</placeName>, appelée Guanahain par les indigènes ; <persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7322">Colomb</persName> lui donna le nom de <placeName>San-Salvador</placeName>. Il visita ensuite les autres îles <placeName>Lucayes</placeName>, puis il découvrit <placeName>Cuba</placeName> et <placeName>Haïti</placeName>, que les <orgName>Espagnols</orgName> appelèrent plus tard <placeName>Saint-Domingue</placeName>.</p> <p> C’est une erreur de penser que le nom d'<placeName>Amérique</placeName> vient d'<persName type="historique" ref="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47674">Albertino Vespucci</persName>, navigateur <orgName>italien</orgName> ; les indigènes de ce continent le désignaient sous ce nom même dès la première période de l'arrivée des <orgName>Européens</orgName>.</p> </div> </div> <div type="sciences_naturelles" xml:id="sujnat_030"> <head type="sujets">Sciences naturelles.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>LES CÉRÉALES.</item> <item>— Décrire une tige et un épi de blé, — de seigle, — d'orge,— d'avoine.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>(Les élèves, sous les yeux desquels ou placera ces objets, en feront la description de vive voix au cours d'une Leçon de choses.)</p> </div> </div> <div type="agriculture"> <head type="sujets">Agriculture.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— Quand et comment sème-t-on, sarcle-t-on et moissonne-t-on le blé ? </item> <item>— (Mêmes questions et mêmes développements pour le seigle, l'orge et l’avoine).</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p><term>Le blé</term> peut être semé du 1er octobre à la fin de novembre, soit à la volée, c'est-à-dire à la main, soit au moyen d'une machine désignée <fw>VIVE LE BLÉ DE FRANCE ! 109</fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_109.jpg" type="page" n="109"/> sous le nom de semoir qui économise le grain et le dispose en ligues régulières dans les pièces de terre. Après les gelées, on fait passer le rouleau sur les champs de blé afin de tasser le sol autour des racines de la plante. Dans le courant de mai, on arrache les mauvaises herbes, autrement dit, on sarcle. Enfin, en juillet, la maturité des épis étant complète, on les moissonne à la faucille, à la faux ou à l’aide d'une machine. Le blé est ensuite lié en bottes et conduit dans les granges.</p> <p>On sème <term>le seigle</term> au mois de septembre, <term>l'orge</term> en octobre et <term>l'avoine</term> en février ou en mars. Ces diverses céréales reçoivent les mêmes soins que le blé jusqu'à la récolte, qu'on fait suivant des procédés semblables et qui s'effectue à peu près à la même époque.</p> </div> </div> <div type="industrie" xml:id="sujind_030"> <head type="sujets">Industrie.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— LE MOULIN. </item> <item>— Quelles sont les deux méthodes pour séparer le grain de la paille ? </item> <item>— Lorsque le grain est battu, comment le sépare-t-on des menues pailles et des poussières ? </item> <item>— Qu'est-ce qu'un moulin ? </item> <item>— Diverses sortes de moulins.</item> <item>— Quelle est la principale pièce du moulin ? </item> <item>— En quoi sont faites les meules ? </item> <item>— Où descend le grain qui est broyé, et que se passe-t-il alors ? </item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>On sépare le grain de la paille, soit en frappant les gerbes au <term>fléau</term>, soit au moyen d'une machine, le <term>battoir</term>. A son tour, le grain est séparé des pellicules appelées menues pailles, ainsi que des poussières, avec un large plateau d'osier connu sous le nom de <term>van</term>, ou bien avec une machine particulière dans laquelle un violent courant d'air est produit par un mouvement très rapide imprimé à une roue à volants.</p> <p><term>Un moulin</term> est une usine où divers appareils mis en mouvement soit par l'air, soit par l'eau, soit par la vapeur, réduisent en poudre le grain des céréales. Les pièces principales d'un moulin sont les <term>meules</term>, grosses pierres poreuses comme des éponges, très dures et de forme cylindrique, superposées l'une à l'autre à un ou deux millimètres de distance. La meule inférieure est immobile ; la supérieure tourne avec vitesse et écrase le blé qui tombe de la <term>trémie</term>. La poudre ainsi obtenue descend dans un cylindre de toile fine qui tourne lentement, et dans lequel la <term>farine</term> se sépare du <term>son</term>, qui descend peu à peu dans un sac. On recueille la farine dans des tiroirs où l’amènent des tuyaux de métal.</p> </div> </div> <div type="économie_domestique" xml:id="sujeco_030"> <head type="sujets">Économie domestique.</head> <div type="questions"> <list> <item>— Comment se fait le pain ? (farine, eau, levain, fermentation, cuisson).</item> <item>— Diverses sortes de pains.</item> <item>— Prix actuel du pain.</item> <item>— Usages de la farine et du son.</item> <item>— Prix du kilogramme de farine et du double décalitre de son.</item> </list> </div> <div type="réponses"> <p>LE PAIN. — Pour faire du pain, on délaye de la farine avec de l'eau tiède dans un coffre nommé <term>pétrin</term>, et l'on obtient ainsi de la pâte à laquelle on mêle du <term>levain</term>, pâte de la veille déjà aigrie, ou de la <term>levure de bière</term>. Ce mélange détermine la fermentation, c'est-à-dire la production de gaz qui font gonfler la pâte et y forment un grand nombre de cavités auxquelles le pain doit sa légèreté et une cuisson plus parfaite.</p> <p>La pâte est ensuite divisée en morceaux de poids égaux ou différents qu'on façonne en pains de toutes formes. Pendant cette opération, le <term>four</term> a été chauffé et, après l'avoir débarrassé des cendres et des charbons, on y introduit les pains au moyen d'une large pelle ; leur surface subit immédiatement l'action de la chaleur, se durcit et prend une belle couleur brune ou blonde ; l'intérieur, de moindre consistance, reste blanc : c'est la <term>mie</term>, qui est criblée de trous.</p> <p>La farine sert encore à confectionner les gâteaux et à préparer les sauces et les liaisons. </p> <p>On emploie le son pour la nourriture des volailles, des bêtes de <fw type="footer">SUZETTE (Maîtresse). <fw type="sig">7</fw></fw> <pb facs="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BucknellDSC/suzette/master/images/page_images/Suzette_110.jpg" type="page" n="110"/> <fw type="header">110 SUZETTE.</fw> somme, des porcs ; ordinairement, après qu'on l'a mouillé, on y mêle des légumes hachés ou bien des betteraves et des pommes de terre. C'est un aliment peu coûteux et rafraîchissant.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </body> </text> </TEI> Document Download Object Type XML document
